Which of the following is NOT included in the concept of human resources?

The concept of human resources encompasses various elements related to the capabilities and attributes of the workforce within an organization. This includes skills and knowledge acquired through education, interpersonal interaction abilities, and shared values and social norms, all of which significantly contribute to the effectiveness and culture of an organization.

While firms have formal systems and structures that are essential for their operations, these elements pertain more to organizational design and management rather than the attributes of human resources themselves. Human resources focus on the individuals within the organization—what they bring in terms of skills, their ability to interact with one another, and the underlying values that shape their work behavior.

In summary, the internal systems and structures of a firm are vital for managing operations but are distinct from the concept of human resources, which emphasizes the human elements and contributions to organizational success.